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List of United States Marine Corps lieutenant generals on active duty before 1960

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This is a complete list of United States Marine Corps lieutenant generals on active duty before 1960. The grade of lieutenant general (or three-star general) is the second-highest in the Marine Corps, ranking above major general (two-star general) and below general (four-star general).

The active-duty rank of lieutenant general was first granted to the commandant of the Marine Corps in January 1942, shortly after the United States entered World War II. A second lieutenant general was appointed in July 1943 to oversee Marines operating in the Pacific theater, and by 1960 there were five lieutenant generals on active duty. Many major generals received honorary tombstone promotions to lieutenant general when they retired, having been specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat before the end of World War II, but most never served in that grade while on active duty. Tombstone promotions were abolished effective November 1, 1959.

Taxonomy

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  • A permanent lieutenant general was an officer who held the permanent grade of lieutenant general personally, regardless of assignment. Appointments to this permanent grade were made only on the retired list.
  • A temporary lieutenant general was an officer who held the temporary grade of lieutenant general under some condition, such as while serving in a particular job or for the duration of the World War II national emergency, reverting to a lower permanent grade when the condition was over.
  • A commandant of the Marine Corps with rank of lieutenant general was an officer who held the ex officio rank of lieutenant general while serving as commandant of the Marine Corps between 1942 and 1945.
  • A tombstone lieutenant general was a major general who retired with the rank but not the pay of the next higher grade as a reward for being specially commended for the performance of duty in actual combat before the end of World War II. Most such officers never served as lieutenant generals while on active duty. Tombstone promotions were abolished in 1959.

List of U.S. Marine Corps lieutenant generals on active duty before 1960

[edit]
Further information: List of United States Marine Corps tombstone lieutenant generals

The following list of lieutenant generals includes all officers of the United States Marine Corps who served on active duty in that rank before January 1, 1960, including officers who received a tombstone promotion to lieutenant general if they were recalled to active duty in that rank.[1]

Entries are indexed by the numerical order in which each officer was appointed to that rank while on active duty. Each entry lists the officer's name, date appointed,[2] date the officer vacated the active-duty rank,[3] number of years on active duty as lieutenant general (Yrs),[4] positions held as lieutenant general, and other biographical notes.[5]

Italics denote active duty as lieutenant general while on the retired list.

The list is sortable by active-duty appointment order, last name, date appointed, date vacated, and number of years on active duty as lieutenant general.

Name Photo Date appointed[2] Date vacated[3] Yrs[4] Position Notes[5]
1 Thomas Holcomb 20 Jan 1942   31 Dec 1943   2   (1879–1965)[6] Major General Commandant of the Marine Corps, 1 Dec 1936–20 Jan 1942; retired as general, 1 Jan 1944.
2 Alexander A. Vandegrift 31 Jul 1943   21 Mar 1945   2   (1887–1973) Commandant of the Marine Corps, with rank of general, 21 Mar 1945–31 Dec 1947. Awarded Medal of Honor, 1943.
3 Holland M. Smith 28 Feb 1944   1 Aug 1946   2   (1882–1967)[7] Retired as general, 1 Aug 1946.
4 Roy S. Geiger 19 Jun 1945   23 Jan 1947   2   (1885–1947) Died in office, 23 Jan 1947; promoted posthumously to general.
5 Harry Schmidt 1 Mar 1946   1 Jul 1948   2   (1886–1968)[7] Retired as general, 1 Jul 1948.
6 Allen H. Turnage 4 Oct 1946   1 Jan 1948   1   (1891–1971)[7] Retired as general, 1 Jan 1948.
7 Keller E. Rockey 1 Jan 1947   1 Jul 1949   3   (1888–1970)[8]
8 Thomas E. Watson 1 Jan 1948   24 Apr 1950   2   (1892–1966)[9]
9 LeRoy P. Hunt 1 Jul 1949   1 Jul 1951   2   (1892–1968)[7] Retired as general, 1 Jul 1951.
10 Lemuel C. Shepherd Jr. 16 Jun 1950   1 Jan 1952   2   (1896–1990)[10] Commandant of the Marine Corps, with rank of general, 1 Jan 1952–31 Dec 1955.
11 Franklin A. Hart 22 Feb 1951   1 Aug 1954   3   (1894–1967)[7] Retired as general, 1 Aug 1954.
12 Merwin H. Silverthorn 22 Feb 1951   1 Feb 1952   1   (1896–1985)[11]
* William E. Riley 1 Jun 1951   23 Jun 1953   2   (1897–1970)[12]
13 Graves B. Erskine 2 Jul 1951   1 Jul 1953   2   (1897–1973)[7] Retired as general, 1 Jul 1953.
14 Clifton B. Cates 1 Jan 1952   30 Jun 1954   2   (1893–1970) Commandant of the Marine Corps, with rank of general, 1 Jan 1948–31 Dec 1951; retired as general, 30 Jun 1954.
15 Gerald C. Thomas 8 Mar 1952   1 Jan 1956   4   (1894–1984)[13] Retired as general, 1 Jan 1956.
16 Oliver P. Smith 23 Jul 1953   1 Sep 1955   2   (1893–1977)[7] Retired as general, 1 Sep 1955.
17 William O. Brice 28 Aug 1953   1 Sep 1956   3   (1898–1972)[7] Retired as general, 1 Sep 1956.
18 Randolph M. Pate 1 Jul 1954   1 Jan 1956   2   (1898–1961) Commandant of the Marine Corps, with rank of general, 1 Jan 1956–31 Dec 1959.
19 Robert H. Pepper 2 Aug 1954  
Jul 1960  
Feb 1962  
Aug 1964   		9 Sep 1955  
Aug 1961  
Jul 1963  
Nov 1964   		4  
  • Commanding General, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, 1954–1955.
  • Member, Ad Hoc Committee to Study and Revise the Officer Personnel Act of 1947, 1960–1961.
  • Senior Member, Headquarters Marine Corps Reorganization Board, 1961.
  • Member, Gorham Military Pay Study Group, 1962–1963.
  • Chairman, Woman Marine Program Study Group, 1964.
 (1895–1968)[14]
20 Christian F. Schilt 1 Aug 1955   1 Apr 1957   2   (1895–1987)[7] Retired as general, 1 Apr 1957. Awarded Medal of Honor, 1928.
21 Alfred H. Noble 1 Sep 1955   1 Nov 1956   1   (1894–1983)[7] Retired as general, 1 Nov 1956.
22 Vernon E. Megee 1 Jan 1956   1 Nov 1959   4   (1900–1992)[7] Retired as general, 1 Nov 1959.
23 Edwin A. Pollock 1 Jan 1956   1 Nov 1959   4   (1899–1982)[7] Retired as general, 1 Nov 1959.
24 Merrill B. Twining 12 Sep 1956   31 Oct 1959   3   (1902–1996)[7] Retired as general, 31 Oct 1959.
25 Ray A. Robinson 1 Nov 1956   1 Nov 1957   1   (1896–1976)[7] Retired as general, 1 Nov 1957.
26 Verne J. McCaul 1 Apr 1957   1 Jan 1960   3   (1903–1968)
27 Robert E. Hogaboom 1 Dec 1957   30 Oct 1959   2   (1902–1993)[7] Retired as general, 30 Oct 1959.
28 Joseph C. Burger 1 Nov 1959   1 Nov 1961   2   (1902–1982)
29 Edward W. Snedeker 1 Nov 1959   1 Jul 1963   4   (1903–1995)
30 Thomas A. Wornham 1 Nov 1959   1 Apr 1961   1   (1903–1984)
31 David M. Shoup 2 Nov 1959   1 Jan 1960   0   (1904–1983) Commandant of the Marine Corps, with rank of general, 1 Jan 1960–31 Dec 1963. Awarded Medal of Honor, 1943.

Timeline

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An officer held the active-duty grade of lieutenant general (Lt. Gen.) in the U.S. Marine Corps until his death, retirement, reversion to lower permanent grade upon vacating a position carrying the ex officio rank, or promotion to general (Gen.). An officer on the retired list could also be recalled to active duty in the grade of lieutenant general (Lt. Gen. (ret.)) or general (Gen. (ret.)).

By 1960, there were five ex officio lieutenant generals. Two commanded the Fleet Marine Forces in the Pacific (FMFPAC) and Atlantic (FMFLANT), and a third commanded the Marine Corps Schools (MCS). A fourth served as assistant commandant of the Marine Corps (ACMC) and the fifth was assigned to Headquarters Marine Corps (HQMC) as director of aviation or chief of staff.

David M. ShoupThomas A. WornhamEdward W. SnedekerJoseph C. BurgerRobert E. HogaboomVerne J. McCaulRay A. RobinsonMerrill B. TwiningEdwin A. PollockVernon E. MegeeAlfred H. NobleChristian F. SchiltRobert H. PepperRandolph M. PateWilliam O. BriceOliver P. SmithGerald C. ThomasClifton B. CatesGraves B. ErskineWilliam E. RileyMerwin H. SilverthornFranklin A. HartLemuel C. Shepherd, Jr.LeRoy P. HuntThomas E. Watson (USMC)Keller E. RockeyAllen H. TurnageHarry Schmidt (USMC)Roy GeigerHolland SmithAlexander VandegriftThomas Holcomb

History

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World War I

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James C. Breckinridge

The rank of lieutenant general in the Marine Corps was first proposed in 1918, when the Senate Naval Affairs Committee tried to increase the rank of the major general commandant and his three senior staff officers for the duration of World War I. Instigated by the incumbent commandant, George Barnett, the proposal was blocked by Navy secretary Josephus Daniels and House Naval Affairs Committee member Thomas S. Butler, who was outraged that the headquarters staff would gain a lieutenant general commandant and three major generals at a time when no Marine major generals were deployed in the field. The incident contributed to Daniels' decision to remove Barnett midway through his second term as commandant.[15][16]

A decade later, Butler himself tried to promote Barnett's successor as commandant, John A. Lejeune, to lieutenant general to match the three-star rank proposed for Army corps area commanders in 1928. The Navy had four admirals and three vice admirals, but the highest active-duty Army rank was only major general, so the War Department asked Congress to raise the ex officio ranks of the Army chief of staff and three overseas department commanders to general and nine corps area commanders to lieutenant general. At the President's behest, the House Military Affairs Committee approved only the four-star promotion for the chief of staff. Since the Army still had no lieutenant generals and Navy secretary Curtis D. Wilbur felt the commandant was not equivalent to a three-star fleet commander in the Navy, Lejeune's promotion died in committee.[17][18][19]

In 1925, Congress authorized Marine Corps officers to retire with a tombstone promotion to the rank but not the retired pay of the next higher grade if they were specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat during World War I, but only if they retired because they were too old to be promoted further, a condition that excluded major generals, who already held the highest grade in the Marine Corps. Congress expanded eligibility in 1938 to cover officers with a qualifying combat citation from any time period who retired for any reason,[20] allowing James C. Breckinridge to become the first three-star Marine when he retired with a tombstone promotion to lieutenant general in October 1941.[21][22] Lejeune lobbied Congress to extend tombstone promotions to officers who had retired before 1938, and finally received his third star in April 1942.[23]

World War II

[edit]
Thomas Holcomb

In January 1942, following the United States entry into World War II, Congress increased the commandant's rank to lieutenant general, making Thomas Holcomb the first three-star Marine to serve on active duty. Holcomb's superior, chief of naval operations Ernest J. King, opposed promoting more Marines to that rank, but King relented after Alexander A. Vandegrift, recently awarded the Medal of Honor for the Battle of Guadalcanal, was assigned to command the first Marine amphibious corps and slated to succeed Holcomb as commandant. Vandegrift was appointed temporary lieutenant general in July 1943,[24] under a 1941 law that anticipated the wartime expansion of the Marine Corps by authorizing an unlimited number of temporary general officers for the duration of the national emergency.[25]

When Vandegrift returned to the United States to become commandant in January 1944, King rejected Holcomb's bid to maintain a three-star Marine in the Pacific theater by promoting the other amphibious corps commander, Holland M. Smith, who had led the ground forces at the Battle of Tarawa. Smith received his third star only after the naval commanders at Tarawa, Raymond A. Spruance and Richmond K. Turner, were rewarded with promotions in March 1944.[26][27]

Unlike Holcomb, whose three-star rank was an aspect of his office of commandant, Vandegrift and Smith held personal three-star grades that followed them regardless of assignment, as did every other temporary lieutenant general appointed before the Officer Personnel Act of 1947 made all three-star ranks ex officio. For example, upon relinquishing his final command in May 1946, Smith remained a lieutenant general for the three months until he actually retired,[28] whereas a postwar lieutenant general would have reverted immediately to his permanent two-star grade. Early promotions to these wartime grades therefore rewarded past personal triumphs—Guadalcanal for Vandegrift and Tarawa for Smith—as much as future organizational efficiency.[24]

By the end of the war, the commandant was a full general. One lieutenant general commanded Marines deployed overseas under Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, and a second lieutenant general commanded Marines being readied for deployment under Marine Training and Replacement Command. A third lieutenant general was appointed in January 1947 to command the new Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic.

Postwar

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The Officer Personnel Act of 1947 authorized only two lieutenant generals for the Marine Corps after July 1, 1948, except during war or national emergency. All active-duty ranks above major general were temporary and ex officio, so upon vacating an office carrying three-star rank, an officer reverted to his permanent two-star grade unless he retired. The two lieutenant generals were assigned to command the operating forces in the Pacific and Atlantic.[29]

The permanent peacetime limit of two lieutenant generals was imposed during the post-World War II drawdown, but remained in place even as the Marine Corps expanded during the Cold War. The state of emergency declared for the Korean War on December 16, 1950, allowed a third lieutenant general to serve as assistant commandant and chief of staff of the Marine Corps, and a fourth as commandant of Marine Corps Schools. A fifth lieutenant general was assigned to Headquarters Marine Corps as director of aviation in 1953, but its three-star designation shifted to the chief of staff when that job was separated from assistant commandant in 1957.[30]

Congress finally declared in 1977 that up to 15 percent of all active-duty Marine Corps general officers could be lieutenant generals or generals even without an emergency, after the 1976 National Emergencies Act terminated all existing national emergencies, effective September 14, 1978, which would have eliminated five of the seven lieutenant generals then on active duty.[31]

Tombstone promotions

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Further information: List of United States Marine Corps tombstone lieutenant generals
Keller E. Rockey

From 1938 to 1959, Marine officers who were specially commended for the performance of duty in actual combat before the end of World War II could retire with the rank but not the pay of the next higher grade. Such honorary increases in rank at retirement were called tombstone promotions, since their only tangible benefit was the right to carve the higher rank on one's tombstone.[32] Tombstone promotions made James C. Breckinridge the first three-star Marine in October 1941,[21][22] and Thomas Holcomb the first four-star Marine in January 1944.

A lieutenant general could only receive a tombstone promotion to four-star general if he still held a three-star job on the day he retired. When Oliver P. Smith was abruptly ordered to relinquish his three-star command on September 1, 1955, and revert to major general for the two months until his statutory retirement, he moved up his retirement date to September 1 and kept his tombstone promotion to general.[33]

Of the 27 lieutenant generals appointed before Congress ended tombstone promotions on November 1, 1959, all but five were promoted to general, either by tombstone promotion, selection as commandant, or posthumous legislation, in the case of Roy S. Geiger, who died only a week before he was scheduled to retire with a tombstone promotion.[34] The exceptions were Keller E. Rockey and Robert H. Pepper, who preferred to revert to major general rather than retire at the end of their three-star assignments;[35] Thomas E. Watson, who relinquished command of Fleet Marine Force, Pacific for an assignment at Headquarters Marine Corps, but retired for ill health only three months later;[36] Merwin H. Silverthorn, who was too young to retire for age when his three-star assignment ended and Congress had suspended early retirements;[37] and Verne J. McCaul, who chose to sacrifice a fourth star to stay on active duty until the new commandant took office two months after tombstone promotions ended.[38]

Commandant successions

[edit]
Merwin H. Silverthorn

Lieutenant general appointments were inextricably tied to the politics of commandant succession. Any lieutenant general was a viable candidate for commandant if he was young enough to complete a full four-year term before reaching the statutory retirement age of 62, as were prominent major generals.[39]

A commandant tended to appoint lieutenant generals in two waves, one at the start of his term and one in the middle.[39] The first wave filled three-star positions vacated by the newly appointed commandant and any rivals who chose to retire after being passed over. For example, Allen H. Turnage retired after a major general, Clifton B. Cates, was selected to be commandant in 1947,[40] as did all five lieutenant generals after another major general, David M. Shoup, was selected in 1959.[41] An incoming commandant might also choose not to retain his predecessor's lieutenant generals, to clear space for his own favorites. Of the five lieutenant generals who retired at Shoup's accession, at least two, Verne J. McCaul and Robert E. Hogaboom, only did so after he made clear they would not be continued at that rank.[42] Upon succeeding Cates in 1952, Lemuel C. Shepherd Jr. promptly appointed Gerald C. Thomas to be his assistant commandant and chief of staff, sending Cates' appointee, Merwin H. Silverthorn, to a two-star job until retirement.[43]

From the middle of his term, a commandant's choices for lieutenant general were meant to set up his preferred candidates to succeed him and eliminate others from consideration.[39] When picking a commandant in 1947, President Harry S. Truman judged Cates and Shepherd to be equally qualified. Since Cates was senior, Truman appointed Cates first and promised to appoint Shepherd next.[40] Cates duly appointed Shepherd to the next three-star vacancy, but when Oliver P. Smith returned to the United States in 1951 after famously commanding the 1st Marine Division at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, Cates gave Smith another two-star command instead of the three-star promotion many expected, reducing the risk that Smith's popularity might derail Shepherd's succession. Smith finally received his third star two years later, after he was too old to be considered for commandant.[44]

Verne J. McCaul

When Cates stepped down as commandant, he had to stay on active duty because a 1951 law froze voluntary officer retirements by withholding retired pay from any regular officer who retired for any reason other than age, disability, hardship, or the best interests of the service.[37] (When Graves B. Erskine retired early to accept a civilian position in the Department of Defense in 1953, Congress had to pass special legislation to exempt him.[45]) At Cates' request, Shepherd gave him the three-star job commanding Marine Corps Schools, repaying his support for Shepherd's succession.[46] Congress repealed the law in 1954 and Cates retired two months later.[47] Shepherd picked Thomas to succeed Cates, which simultaneously avoided creating another rival for the commandancy, since Thomas was too old to be considered, and freed Thomas' three-star job of assistant commandant and chief of staff for Shepherd's preferred candidate, Randolph M. Pate, who eventually did succeed Shepherd.[39]

All such machinations failed when Pate's successor was selected in 1959. The best positioned three-star candidate, Merrill B. Twining, was viewed as too political by the secretary of defense, Thomas S. Gates Jr., who passed over all five lieutenant generals to recommend Shoup instead. Four of the five lieutenant generals collected tombstone promotions to general by retiring on November 1, 1959, the day the tombstone promotion law expired, but Verne J. McCaul chose to remain on duty until Shoup took office on January 1, 1960.[42]

Legislative history

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The following list of Congressional legislation includes all acts of Congress pertaining to appointments to the grade of lieutenant general in the United States Marine Corps before 1960.[48]

Each entry lists an act of Congress, its citation in the United States Statutes at Large, and a summary of the act's relevance.

Legislation Citation Summary
Act of March 4, 1925  43 Stat. 1279
  • Authorized officers who were specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat during World War I, and who retired because of ineligibility for promotion due to age, to be placed on the retired list with the rank of the next higher grade and three-fourths of the active-duty pay of the grade in which serving at the time of retirement.
Act of June 23, 1938  52 Stat. 951
  • Authorized officers who were specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat, to be placed on the retired list with the rank of the next higher grade and three-fourths of the active-duty pay of the grade in which serving at the time of retirement.
Act of July 24, 1941  55 Stat. 604
  • Authorized temporary appointments to higher ranks or grades during a national emergency, with appointments to general officer requiring the advice and consent of the Senate.
  • Authorized retirement in highest temporary rank held on active duty.
Act of January 20, 1942  56 Stat. 10
  • Retitled Major General Commandant of the Marine Corps as Commandant of the Marine Corps, with ex officio rank of lieutenant general (Thomas Holcomb).
Act of February 23, 1942  56 Stat. 120
  • Authorized officers who were specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat, and who retired before June 23, 1938, to be advanced on the retired list to the rank of the next higher grade and three-fourths of the active-duty pay of the grade in which serving at the time of retirement.
Act of March 21, 1945  59 Stat. 36
Act of June 30, 1947
[Private Law 36]		  61 Stat. 978
Act of August 7, 1947
[Officer Personnel Act of 1947]		  61 Stat. 874
 61 Stat. 876
 61 Stat. 880
  • Authorized officers who were specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat on or before December 31, 1946, to be placed on the retired list with (or advanced on the retired list to) the rank of the next higher grade and three-fourths of the active-duty pay of the grade in which serving at the time of retirement.
  • Authorized two lieutenant generals after July 1, 1948, or up to 10 percent of non-restricted duty general officers in time of war or national emergency.
  • Increased ex officio rank of Commandant of the Marine Corps to general.
Act of October 12, 1949

[Career Compensation Act of 1949]

 63 Stat. 807
 63 Stat. 835
  • Established pay grade O-8 for general, lieutenant general, and major general.
  • Repealed authorization for officers who were specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat, to retire with three-fourths of the active-duty pay of the grade in which serving at the time of retirement.
Act of July 17, 1953
[Private Law 92]		  67 Stat. A34
Act of May 20, 1958  72 Stat. 124
  • Established pay grade O-9 for lieutenant general.
Act of August 11, 1959  73 Stat. 337
  • Repealed authorization for officers who were specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat, to retire with the rank of the next higher grade, effective November 1, 1959.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The list of lieutenant generals is taken from the Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy and Marine Corps.
  2. ^ a b Dates of rank are taken from the Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy and Marine Corps.
  3. ^ a b Dates vacated are taken from the Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy and Marine Corps. An officer could vacate the active-duty rank of lieutenant general via death, retirement, resignation, promotion to a higher permanent grade, or reversion to a lower permanent grade upon relinquishing an office bearing the statutory rank of lieutenant general.
  4. ^ a b The number of years on active duty as lieutenant general is taken to be the difference between the officer's date of rank and the date on which his active duty commission as lieutenant general was vacated, rounded to the nearest whole year.
  5. ^ a b Biographical notes include years of birth and death; dates of promotion to higher permanent grade; and other unusual career events such as death in office or resignation. Dates are taken from the Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy and Marine Corps.
  6. ^ Retired as tombstone general, 1 Jan 1944; recalled to active duty as general, 1 Jan 1944–10 Apr 1944.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Retired as tombstone general.
  8. ^ Reverted to major general, 1 Jul 1949; retired as lieutenant general, 1 Sep 1950.
  9. ^ Reverted to major general, 24 Apr 1950; retired as lieutenant general, 1 Jul 1950.
  10. ^ Retired as general, 1 Jan 1956; recalled to active duty as general, 1 Mar 1956–15 Sep 1959.
  11. ^ Reverted to major general, 1 Feb 1952; retired as lieutenant general, 1 Jul 1954.
  12. ^ Retired as tombstone lieutenant general, 1 Jun 1951; recalled to active duty as lieutenant general, 1 Jun 1951–23 Jun 1953.
  13. ^ Retired as tombstone general, 1 Jan 1956; recalled to active duty as general, 1 Apr 1956–1 Jan 1959.
  14. ^ Reverted to major general, 9 Sep 1955; retired as lieutenant general, 1 May 1957; recalled to active duty as lieutenant general, Jul 1960–Aug 1961, Feb 1962–Jul 1963, and Aug 1964–Nov 1964.
  15. ^ Hearings Before Committee on Naval Affairs of the House of Representatives on Estimates Submitted by the Secretary of the Navy, 1918, Sixty-Fifth Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1918. pp. 720–722.
  16. ^ Bartlett, Merrill L. (2004). "George Barnett". In Millett, Allan R.; Shulimson, Jack (eds.). Commandants of the Marine Corps. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 189, 191.
  17. ^ Bartlett (1996), p. 166.
  18. ^ "Higher Rank Urged For Marine Commander". The Boston Globe. March 12, 1928. p. 5.
  19. ^ "Report No. 1547". House Reports (Public), 70th Congress, 1st Session. Vol. 4. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1928.
  20. ^ Acts of March 4, 1925 (43 Stat. 1279) and June 23, 1938 (52 Stat. 951).
  21. ^ a b "General Breckinridge's Views". The Lexington Herald. March 6, 1942. p. 4.
  22. ^ a b "Obituaries". Army and Navy Journal. March 7, 1942. p. 751.
  23. ^ Bartlett (1996), pp. 185–186.
  24. ^ a b Hoffman, Jon T. (2004). "Alexander A. Vandegrift". In Millett, Allan R.; Shulimson, Jack (eds.). Commandants of the Marine Corps. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 291–293.
  25. ^ Act of July 24, 1941 (55 Stat. 604).
  26. ^ Smith, Holland M.; Finch, Percy (1948). Coral and Brass. New York City, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 153–155. ISBN 978-0-89201-051-6.
  27. ^ Dyer, George C. (1969). The Amphibians Came to Conquer: The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner. Vol. II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 849–850.
  28. ^ "Famed Marine Leader Honored". The Los Angeles Times. August 8, 1946. p. 8.
  29. ^ Act of August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947] (61 Stat. 876). Millett (1993), p. 257.
  30. ^ Hearings Before and Special Reports Made by Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives on Subjects Affecting the Naval and Military Establishments. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1959. pp. 345–349.
  31. ^ Acts of September 14, 1976 [National Emergencies Act] (90 Stat. 1255) and July 30, 1977 [Department of Defense Appropriation Authorization Act, 1978] (91 Stat. 336). Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Governmental Relations of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Ninety-Fourth Congress, First Session: National Emergencies Act. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1975. p. 52.
  32. ^ Hearings Before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Eighty-Sixth Congress, Second Session, Part 3: Financial Statements: Manpower, Personnel, and Reserves. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1960. pp. 742–743.
  33. ^ Shisler (2009), p. 268.
  34. ^ Full Committee Hearings on H.R. 3049, H.R. 3251, H.R. 3053, H.R. 3056, H.R. 3252, H.R. 1845, H.R. 3191, H.R. 3057, H.R. 2314, H.R. 1380, H.J. Res. 96, H.R. 3055, H.R. 3394, H.R. 3484. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1947. p. 3011.
  35. ^ Smith, Oliver P., recorded interview by Benis M. Frank, June 12, 1969, Marine Corps History Division, pp. 329–330.
  36. ^ "Marine General, Wartime CO of 2nd Division, Retires". Guam Daily News. July 17, 1950. p. 2.
  37. ^ a b Acts of October 18, 1951 [Department of Defense Appropriation Act, 1952] (65 Stat. 424) and August 1, 1953 [Department of Defense Appropriation Act, 1954] (67 Stat. 337). Bartlett, Charles (January 6, 1952). "Washington Report". The Chattanooga Times. p. 16. "2 Staff Chiefs Future Posts Still In Doubt". The Baltimore Sun. May 19, 1953. p. 2.
  38. ^ "Assistant Marine Commandant Won't Retire Until 1960". Independent. September 1, 1959. p. B-6.
  39. ^ a b c d Millett (1993), pp. 334–335.
  40. ^ a b Millett (1993), pp. 258–259.
  41. ^ "More Marine Brass Joins Nov. 1 Exodus". The York Dispatch. September 12, 1959. p. 5.
  42. ^ a b Jablon, Howard (2004). "David Monroe Shoup". In Millett, Allan R.; Shulimson, Jack (eds.). Commandants of the Marine Corps. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 367–369.
  43. ^ Millett (1993), pp. 315–316, 318.
  44. ^ Shisler (2009), pp. 263–264.
  45. ^ Act of July 17, 1953 [Private Law 92] (67 Stat. A34). "Gen. Graves Erskine Is Slated To Hold High Civilian Post In Defense Department With Act Of Congress". Caldwell Watchman-Progress. June 25, 1953. p. 6.
  46. ^ Shepherd, Lemuel C. Jr., recorded interview by Benis M. Frank, February 22, 1967, Marine Corps History Division, p. 194.
  47. ^ Act of May 5, 1954 [Officer Grade Limitation Act of 1954] (68 Stat. 70). Macomber, Frank (May 31, 1954). "Military Officer Retirement Cleared". San Pedro News-Pilot. p. 5. Thomas, Gerald C., recorded interview by Benis M. Frank, October 7, 1966, Marine Corps History Division, p. 344.
  48. ^ Legislative history compiled from the Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy and Marine Corps.

References

[edit]
  • Bartlett, Merrill L. (1996). Lejeune: A Marine's Life, 1867–1942. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
  • Clark, George B. (2008). United States Marine Corps Generals of World War II: A Biographical Dictionary. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company.
  • Millett, Allan R. (1993). In Many a Strife: General Gerald C. Thomas and the U.S. Marine Corps, 1917–1956. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
  • Millett, Allan R.; Shulimson, Jack, eds. (2004). Commandants of the Marine Corps. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
  • Shisler, Gail B. (2009). For Country and Corps: The Life of General Oliver P. Smith. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
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